
Ian Renshaw, Keith Davids, Mark O鈥橲ullivan, Michael A. Maloney, Rian Crowther, Chris McCosker
School of Exercise & Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (Australia), Sport & Physical Activity Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University (UK), Sport & Physical Activity Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University (UK) + AIK Football, Research and Development Department (Stockholm, Sweden, Performance Services, Australian Institute of Sport (Australia), National Cricket Centre (Australia), School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University (Australia)
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
This paper looks at how learning is approached in high performance sport and questions the limits of more traditional methods.
The authors argue that preparation time should be used in a way that directly influences performance, not treated as something separate from it. From this perspective, learning is understood through the relationship between the player and the environment, which can look different in training compared to competition (Button et al., 2020b).
Using an ecological dynamics lens, the paper suggests that practice design should better reflect the conditions of the game, so that what players experience in training connects more clearly to what they face in performance.
An ecological dynamics approach to motor learning in practice Reframing the learning and performing relationship in high performance sport.pdf
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667239122000089?via%3Dihub
This study argues that learning should not be separated from performance. Instead of treating skill as something built internally through repetition, it is seen as an ongoing adaptation to the environment. Practice becomes more effective when it reflects the conditions of the game, allowing players to perceive, decide and act in context. The closer training tasks are to real performance situations, the higher the chances that what is learned will transfer to competition.
If you still design sessions where learning happens first and performance comes later, this paper challenges that assumption. It shows why many drills fail to transfer and why players struggle to adapt in real game situations. It helps you rethink session design so that training situations actually prepare players for what they face in matches, not just for controlled exercises.
Replace isolated drills with tasks where players interact with opponents, teammates and space from the start. Check your exercises with a simple question: does this look and feel like the game? If not, adjust constraints (space, pressure, rules) so decisions and actions resemble real situations.
The player is not treated as someone who stores techniques, but as a system that adapts continuously to the environment. Learning emerges through interaction, not instruction. Each player finds functional solutions based on their own constraints, not by reproducing an ideal model.
The paper is largely conceptual, with limited direct empirical validation of long-term performance outcomes. Most examples come from high performance settings, leaving gaps in how these ideas apply in youth or grassroots environments. There is a significant risk of misapplication. Without a clear understanding of constraints and information, coaches may create tasks that look dynamic but do not reflect the game. Finally, fully representative practice is difficult to achieve. Key elements of competition, such as pressure, consequence and context, cannot be fully reproduced, which can limit transfer.
This work targets the ability of players to adapt their actions in relation to the environment, rather than reproduce fixed techniques. It supports autonomy by placing players in situations where they must perceive, decide and act without constant instruction. Learning emerges through interaction with teammates, opponents and task constraints, not through isolated repetition. The coach鈥檚 role shifts from prescribing solutions to shaping conditions where players can find their own. This activates a relational dynamic where behavior is continuously shaped by the game context, not controlled externally.
If practice tasks are designed to closely reflect the conditions of the game, then players will show more adaptable and functional behaviors in competition, because perception, decision and action are calibrated through continuous interaction with relevant environmental information.
Unsuitable Context
Probable Misreading
Pedagogical Risk
A structured terrain report from anyone who has applied this resource in real practice.
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